How the dating works
A serial number is not random. Each maker records the build date in its own way, and those schemes are published: a running production count for a piano, a letter for the decade on a Fender, a date code on the tube chart of an amp, a cipher on a Yamaha drum. We read the number the same way the factory wrote it, and cite where each scheme comes from.
Not everything can be dated from a serial. Some makers never numbered their instruments in sequence, and some kept the records to themselves. Where that is true we say so, and point to what does date the instrument instead: an interior stamp, the maker’s own lookup, or the date codes on the parts inside.
More on the method, the confidence levels, the known limits and what happens to a serial you enter is on the how it works page.